Technology And Computer|

When a Linux system starts up, the system is started with LiLo (LInux LOader), which is a system file. After that the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) section, after doing some tests, transfers the control to the MBR (Master Boot Record) where the LILO is stored.

One big plus of using it is that the booting process becomes real fast especially when stored in the MBR. But at times, the operating system gets corrupt as it also involves modification in the MBR while booting, which may lead to inaccessible system. There are various workarounds to recover and restore your valuable data. If none of them is successful, then the best alternative is to use a third-party Linux data recovery software.

Let us take an example in which you start your Linux system but it fails to boot properly. The boot process displays ‘LIL’ on the screen.

Cause:
The reason behind this booting problem is that the descriptor table is damaged.
In a Linux system, the hard disk is parted into blocks and then into block groups. The information of these block groups is stored in a group block descriptor, which also acts as an index table for these tables.

Resolution:

In such situations, you can perform the following methods:

1) Check the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and verify whether the disk parameters in the disk are correct or not.

2) Try to format the partition again and install the LILO. However, that would mean that the data may get lost.

3) Run the ‘fsck’ tool to mount the file system and to check and repair any corruption issues on the file system.

4)  If the ‘fsck’ command fails, then perform a complete format of the hard disk.

Now, if the Linux system is still showing corruption systems and you do not have updated backup of the data, then the best solution to recover inaccessible data is to use a professional Linux data recovery software. These Linux recovery tools perform non-destructive scanning algorithms to recover data in few easy steps.

Incoming search terms for the article:

• where is the lilo stored (1)

Are you finding difficulties in mounting your Linux system disk? The problem could be due to corruption in the file system. To address such issues, Linux OS provides fsck utility. It is a command-line utility, which checks integrity and consistency of the Linux file system. In addition, it finds errors and fixes them, if possible. However, if you run this utility on a mounted file system, then you may not be able to access the data at all. In such cases, you should use a third-party Linux data recovery software to perform data recovery Linux system.

Consider a scenario wherein you have accidentally run fsck on a mounted Linux OS. The inode root gets damaged and all inodes start calling similar blocks. When you try to mount the volume after fsck, the following error message is discovered:

“Mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/hda1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error. In some cases useful info is found in syslog – try dmesg | tail or so”

When you run \dmesg\, as suggested in the error message, another error message may be displayed, that is:

“ext3-fs: corrupt root inode, run e2fsck”

And when you run e2fsck, yet another error message is displayed, that is:

“Root inode is not a directory. Clear?”

Once you press ‘Y’ and proceed with the process, the parent entry of each inode from the root directory will be deleted. The root inode will attempt to recover but if it fails, another error message will be displayed, that is:

“Cannot Allocate Root Inode”

After this error message, you will not be able to access your system.

Cause:

This behavior is caused due to corruption of the file system, superblock, root inode, or any other Linux data structure. Because of this, the OS cannot locate the hard disk volumes.

Resolution:

To sort out this problem and perform Linux data recovery, you should reformat the hard disk and reinstall the Linux operating system. However, that would invariably mean that your valuable data will be lost. In such cases, you should use a third-party Linux recovery to recover lost data. Such tools are able to recover lost data safely by using fast yet sophisticated scanning algorithms.

Incoming search terms for the article:

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Of course if you are used to Microsoft Windows you are familiar with the concept of files. This familiarity means you won’t have to start from zero to learn about Linux files. However, you will have to relearn several concepts and techniques to work with files in the Linux environment, whether using Damn Small Linux or other versions. You can do several great things with Linux files that you can’t do easily or at all under Windows. This could be just one more reason to switch from Windows to Linux.

Files have unique names. This rule is not as simple as it may seem. There is no conflict between a hard disk file named pay12june and a file named pay12june on your removable USB flash drive. In fact, be sure to backup all your important files. Don’t worry if your hard drive file is erased or becomes corrupted and illegible, simply access the one on your flash drive. You could also have two files named pay12june on your hard drive in different directories. Directories, collections of directories and files, will be discussed in the next article in this series.

Linux distinguishes between lower-case and upper-case characters in file names. Microsoft Windows does not. For example, Linux treats pay12june and Pay12june as two different files, as different as pay12june and heighho. Windows users will have to adapt to this major difference. Even though I am a Linux fan I don’t see any advantage in the Linux way of naming files. Maybe I have spent too much time in the Windows environment.

File names should be relatively short. The allowed maximum is 255 characters but working with long file names is no fun and in fact is asking for trouble. Linux file names may not contain the character / which has a special meaning. To avoid misunderstanding don’t include special characters such as $ and & in your file names. Doing so could cause confusion and lead to hard-to-find errors. For the same reason don’t call your files by special Linux names such as etc.

Linux sometimes applies file extensions; common examples include .c to indicate a C-language program and .htm or .html to indicate one type of web page. Savvy Linux users often avoid coding the file extension but rely on the file directory to indicate the file type. Don’t give a Linux file a misleading file extension.

Use an editor to create or modify a text file. The old fashioned vi editor has been replaced by more powerful, user-friendly editors. Most versions of Linux come with several editors. Damn Small Linux, a popular version that runs under Windows, includes several editors such as Beaver that come quite close to being intuitive.

Linux provides an enormous variety of commands for processing files. Many of these commands are mnemonic; for example the command cp is used to copy files. Many commands include a wide variety of options. Consider the ls command, somewhat similar to the DIR command in the Windows environment. This seemingly simple command is quite rich and offers dozens and dozens of options many of which have no equivalent in the Windows environment.

Linux commands can be thought of as verbs. Just like most English sentences include more than a verb (go, jump) complete Linux commands contain the command itself and one or more objects. To copy a file you not only need to specify cp but also What and Where. For example, the command cp pay12june backuparea means copy the pay12june file into the backuparea directory.

Linux syntax (grammar rules) is quite strict and does take time to learn. But mastering Linux and associated technologies can lead to employment. The next step is mastering Linux directories.

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• Ten Important Linux Concepts For Beginners (1)

When you boot a Linux based system, the first thing that occurs is initialization of your hardware. After this, the Grub boot loader loads from MBR (Master Boot Record) of hard drive based on its configuration. You might see a boot menu displaying all the operating systems in a list from which you can start the system or the kernel initializing. If you don’t observer any such behavior, the problem is likely to be related to Grub or MBR. In critical situations, you might need to reformat the hard drive and restore lost data from backup. But in case no backup is available or you find it in invalid state, Linux Recovery tools can help rescuing all the data from crashed hard drive.

As an example, after you install Windows in dual-boot with Linux, you might fail to boot into Linux.

Cause

Such kind of behavior might be seen if MBR gets overwritten. This doesn’t allow you to boot into Linux.

Solution

You should try these methods to solve this problem:

• Try booting your system using Linux installation CD. Enter the ‘Linux rescue’ and use this command at boot prompt:

root=/dev/hdXX

where, ‘hdXX’ is the boot partition of your hard disk.

• Boot your system using Live Distro disc and mount the root partition of your hard disk to a temporary boot point. Next, you need to change your root to this point and reinstall Grub. To do so, you need to apply these commands in order:

mkdir /mnt/temp

mount /dev/hdb1 /mnt/temp

chroot /mnt/temp

grub-install /dev/had

• If the above measures fail, you should reformat the hard drive to fix all MBR related problems. Next, you should make sure that you have complete backup to restore the lost information in this process. If you fail to do so, you can use third-party Linux Recovery tools. Built with powerful recovery technology, such Linux Recovery applications serve as efficient tools to recover lost data. In addition, they provide you interactive user interface and advanced recovery options for complete results.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a fast and comprehensive recovery tool for lost/deleted data from Linux based drives. It natively supports Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. It provides you advanced features like File Filter, File Mask, Create Image, RAW File Recovery and more. It is compatible with most of the Linux distros like Red Hat, Gentoo, SUSE, SlackWare, Debian etc.

Are your computers getting slower and slower each time you use it? Do you still acquire the same computer performance even if it is more than 5 to 10 years old already? Well, if your problem is a slow computer performance I have some tips you might need to speed up the process. These tips will help improve your computer’s performance.

First, if your computer is too old I suggest that you burn your files that are less important. Place it on CD or DVD to give more hard disk and memory space. This will help lessen the files that your computer will need to read on. Like on the start up or when running some applications that will need to read the whole files in your computer. It slows the process due to the fact that your PC specs don’t have the capabilities of the new computers being sold in the market right now.

You can also upgrade your computer components to get better performance. However, if you don’t have money, it is not advisable that you buy CD, DVD or any computer components. Don’t worry because there are still other ways to accelerate the performance of your computer.

Some files are still in your computer even if you already uninstall the programs you installed before. Most of us didn’t know that, right? These files are left over by programs we used before. Now, these files are traceable using some free program out there. It’s not easy to trace them or sometimes we are not sure what files to delete so we end up having no choice but not to delete it. We don’t want to remove something we didn’t know because sometimes we are afraid that we might encounter troubles if we will be deleting these files. It might cause us some problems like the computer will not work properly because the files we deleted actually has a major part in our OS but we assume that it has no use. It happened to me before. So I suggest that you must try a Google search first before deleting the files.

Another way is by using programs like CCleaner. It is a tool you can use to remove unused files in your system. This tool allows your windows to run fast and free some space in your hard drive. It has the ability to clean your internet activities as well.

Next is to lessen the startup program. Remove unnecessary programs on startup so it won’t affect the speed of your computer while opening.  Those startup programs make your computer slow while opening because your computer memory has to load those startup programs first. Your memory needs more time to do this that’s why it makes your computer slow. If your memory is not that high, I suggest doing this process to make the loading faster. Well, here is the way how you can lessen your startup programs. Click “start” then go to “run” or on the “search box” of your laptop, type “msconfig”. After that, you will see a pop-up window with lots of choices. Choose the “Startup” tab then uncheck the programs you don’t need to load when your computer starts.

Last thing I know is disk defragmenter. Disk Defragmenter is another computer program designed to increase access speed. Also known as defragmenting, this is the process of rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations. The objective of this process is to optimize the time it takes to read and write files to/from the disk. It can be done by minimizing head travel time while maximizing the transfer rate. Disk Defragmenter can also improve the loading time in system startup for computers supported by Windows XP.

The native partition type code used by a Linux hard drive is 0×83 irrespective of the file system (ext2, ext3, reiserfs etc.). When you partition your hard drive using fdisk or any other utility, it often consists of two partitions: a root directory partition (denoted as ‘/’) and a swap partition. A partition table is the index table that references all Linux hard drive partitions. So, if this table gets corrupt, the system couldn’t locate and thus access the partitions. In such situations, you need to use your recent data backup and restore lost information from it. However, if data backup is non-existent, invalid or not updated, Linux Data Recovery tools can be used to scan the affected hard drive.

Consider a scenario, you start your Linux system and it displays the following error message:

“The partition table on device <drive_name> was unreadable”

Cause

The partition table is corrupted or damaged. It can get corrupt due to unexpected shutdown, incorrect installation of updates, improper use of terminal commands, erroneous use of disk partitioning utilities, partition resizing and other similar causes.

Solution

To correct this issue, you need to carry out these steps:

You need to ensure that at least one of the partitions has been marked as Active

If you can boot the operating system, you should immediately backup all the important data

Next, you need to delete all the existing partitions and then recreate them. To accomplish the same, you can use fdisk or any other disk partitioning utility

Repartitioning the hard disk erases all the previously stored data. So, you need to use your recent data backup to restore it. If the data backup is not present or up to the mark, you need to scan your hard drive using Linux Recovery tools to extract the lost data.

Linux Data Recovery applications incorporate advanced scanning procedures to recover and restore the lost data. With elf-explanatory interface, these utilities provide easy recovery. In addition, these recovery software are read-only tools and hence they don’t perform any write operation. You can use these tools in any logical data loss case.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is efficient Linux Recovery tool. The software supports advanced recovery features and provides effective recovery results. It is a read-only tool that supports Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. This  Linux Data Recovery tools is compatible with almost all Linux distributions like Gentoo, Turbo Linux, SlackWare, SUSE etc.

A lot of us use the dual boot systems in which multiple operating systems, such as Windows and Linux, can be accommodated in an effort to get the best of all worlds. Using such systems can be very helpful when you have to test certain software on various platforms. In these systems, you have the option to switch to the particular system at the startup.

However, sometimes due to various reasons the system is unable to start. In such situations, you should resort to performing in-place methods to fix the problem. If you are not able to address the situation, then you should use a third-party Linux recovery software to resolve the issue.

Consider a scenario wherein you have converted your system in a dual-boot system with Windows XP and RedHat Linux distribution. While in the Windows system, you accidentally clicked the ‘Hibernate’ option instead of the ‘Shut Down’ option. Now, when you start your system you are unable to do so.

Cause:

The root cause of this problematic situation is that when you chose to hibernate rather than shut down, then the MBR may have got overwritten by the GRUB. Therefore, you are unable to start the Linux system.

Resolution:

To resolve this issue, you need to restore the GRUB. To do this, you need to perform the following steps:

Boot the system with the Fedora (RedHat) distribution CD.

At the boot prompt, enter the following command and press Enter.

boot: linux rescue

You will prompted for few questions. Answer them and the Fedora installer will mount the system in the /mnt/sysimage directory.

Make the directory as your root directory by using the following command:

# chroot /mnt/sysimage

# _

From here, use the following command to install GRUB loader on the MBR:

# grub-install /dev/hda

Restart the system. It should be able to boot properly now.

However, if the problem is still not resolved then you should use reformat the hard disk and reinstall the operating system. But this method would remove all the valuable data, in all probability. So to restore the inaccessible data, you should use a third-party Linux hard drive recovery software. Such Linux recovery tools are read-only in nature that use fast yet sophisticated scanning algorithms.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a Linux hard drive recovery software that recovers lost, deleted, or formatted data from inaccessible Linux hard drives. It is able to recover data from various file systems such as ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT32, FAT16, and FAT12. In addition, this Linux recovery tool is capable of recovering data from various types of hard drives such as SCSI, SATA, EIDE, and IDE. Also, this Linux recovery software is supported by various Linux distributions such as Red Hat, SUSE, Debian, Caldera, Mandrake, Sorcerer, TurboLinux, Slackware, Gentoo, etc. It is compatible with Windows 7, Vista, Server 2003, XP, and 2000.