Technology And Computer|

Article by MAKY

Introduction: With the sky-rocking increase of computer network crime rate, the advanced data recovery technology, computer forensics technology are widely used in this field. This article focuses on the two technologies development and applications, with introduction of the related advanced tools and the future treads.In recent years, the computer crime cases are soaring with characteristics of professional, intelligentized, complex and multiplex with sever bad result, which is apparently different from traditional crimes. As a result, the construction of this computer forensics technology is of significant meaning.With years’ development, the general and provincial police ministry are organizing a computer crime bureau specially for the current conditions. But the fact is that there needs much more efforts to be put in integration of this working stuff and technology and the organizations.I. Based on factory-level theory of data recovery and computer forensics technologies??With the popularization of computers and application of networks, all kinds of storage media have now been a vital irreplaceable part of people’s lives. Cases with the spread of eroticism, defraud money and property, blackmail and illegal pyramids sale are increasing at quite a higher speed. The evidence is normally stored between virtual and physical space, which not easy to be noticed after modified or destroyed. The investigations organizations should hold the most advanced technologies in order to stand in a more advantageous place to win this challenge. The physical storage media(hard drive, Pen drives, CF card and Flash Memory) may have conditions of physical damage, like head stack damage, malfunctioned motor, bad sector and circuit burnt, as well as logical damage, like accidental deletion, error copy, formation and virus attach, which cause the data lose. Therefore, the computer forensics technologies have become the most significance in judicature, with the factory-level technologies.?Data recovery technology is the one which helps to recover the data from the storage media, which result from data deletion, hacker attack, storage physical damage, circuit burnt, bad sector, head crash, etc. It helps the later phase of computer forensics and e-evidence collection. II. Data recovery technology become the “New Heights” of e-evidence studyAfter years of development, Electronic evidence technology has formed collection systems, documents, mail, database, storage, networks, and other multi-faceted technical system of electronic evidence, such electronic evidence technology system emphasis on building the operating system or network based upon data recovery and computer forensics, electronic evidence collection process in the affected systems and networks, and other third-party factors, the need to safeguard the relevant systems and networks to identify target data integrity is the premise.when it comes to recovery in physical damage of target storage carrier, Computer Forensics is subject to considerable limitations, so how to better evidence against defects in the target store data recovery, following the network, system, e-mail and other new techniques, computer forensics has become the new heights of modern technology.Part of the professional data recovery, computer forensics equipment have been applied to the current judicial field. Since2006, China’s public security, inspection, Economic Investigation, crime detection, network monitoring started to pay attention to the cutting-edge data recovery. Computer forensics technology, which gradually gained high recognition by its stability, security and functionality. China’s public security, inspection, Economic Investigation, crime detection, network monitoring and many other departments have set up assembly line with data recovery, computer forensics technology security system for electronic evidence, with which has gain fruitful results. Under support of National judiciary, the state-level high-tech enterprise, SalvationDATA, the world’ enterprise covering research. tech development, production and sales of data recovery tools, who has released series of computer forensics tool like HD Doctor, Data Compass, FLASH doctor.These tools has help First Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security of Guangdong Province Public Security Bureau, Guangzhou Municipal Public Security Bureau etc, successfully deployed a number of exclusive sets of data recovery, computer ‘With ten years consistent efforts, SalvationDATA technology and its brand has covered more than 60 countries through five continents market,data recovery tools from SalvationDATA have helped the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Turkish police station, the Italian police station, and the Judicial Institute in Manchester to successfully set up data recovery and computer forensics technology system. There is no doubt that SalvationDATA has become the leading authority in modern data recovery and forensics solution.

III. Data recovery breakthrough the bottleneck of traditional electronic evidenceThe highly developed computer network crimes have a profound impact on the direction of the technological development so to face such situation, the judiciary must be continuously updated data recovery, computer forensics, electronic evidence cutting-edge technology platform to achieve the detection, analysis, evidence, evidence and other business development. As cyber crime has become increasingly prominent in computer, computer forensics technology will be the context of the judicial investigation computer electronic evidence of technical capability and response capability effective supplement. The computer forensics technology is based on original concept of the underlying technology, seamless compatibility with any data recovery, computer forensics system is characterized by the upper (For example: ENCASE / FTK / X-WAYS / analytical system / all kinds of identification systems, etc..),which can be effectively achieved with integration of the current data recovery, computer forensics data recovery. From The above analysis, we can easily see that the leading-edge data recovery, electronic evidence data acquisition, analysis, evidence and other business are in crucial need of computer forensics technology, And it certain that in the near future, the data recovery, computer forensics, electronic evidence technology will be applied to a wider range of flied.

Article by Moshiachy Thisyday

To earn your CCNA or CCNP certification, you’ve got to understand the basics of trunking. This is not just a CCNA topic – it’s essential to have a complicated understanding of trunking and etherchannels to move the BCMSN exam and earn your CCNP as well. Before we deal with those superior topics, though, it’s worthwhile to master the basics!

A trunk allows inter-VLAN visitors to move between immediately connected switches. By default, a trunk port is a member of all VLANs, so visitors for any and all VLANs can travel throughout this trunk. That includes broadcast site visitors!

The default mode of a swap port does differ between fashions, so always check your documentation. On Cisco 2950 switches, every single port is in dynamic fascinating mode by default, that means that every port is actively attempting to trunk. On these switches, the only motion wanted from us is to physically join them with a crossover cable. In just a few seconds, the port light turns inexperienced and the trunk is up and running. The command show interface trunk will confirm trunking.

How does the receiving change know what VLAN the body belongs to? The frames are tagged by the transmitting change with a VLAN ID, reflecting the number of the VLAN whose member ports should receive this frame. When the body arrives at the remote change, that change will look at this ID and then ahead the frame appropriately.

There are main trunking protocols it’s essential to understand and evaluate successfully, these being ISL and IEEE 802.1Q. Let’s check out the main points of ISL first.

ISL is a Cisco-proprietary trunking protocol, making it unsuitable for a multivendor environment. That’s one disadvantage, but there are others. ISL will place both a header and trailer onto the body, encapsulating it. This increases the overhead on the trunk line.

You know that the default VLAN is also referred to as the “native VLAN”, and another disadvantage to ISL is that ISL does not use the concept of the native VLAN. Which means that every single body transmitted across the trunk will likely be encapsulated.

The 26-byte header that’s added to the frame by ISL accommodates the VLAN ID; the 4-byte trailer comprises a Cyclical Redundancy Test (CRC) value. The CRC is a frame validity scheme that checks the frame’s integrity.

In flip, this encapsulation leads to one other potential issue. ISL encapsulation adds 30 bytes complete to the dimensions of the frame, potentially making them too massive for the switch to handle. (The maximum size for an Ethernet frame is 1518 bytes.)

IEEE 802.1q differs considerably from ISL. In distinction to ISL, dot1q doesn’t encapsulate frames. A four-byte header is added to the body, resulting in much less overhead than ISL. If the body is destined for hosts residing in the native VLAN, that header is not added. Because the header is barely four bytes in dimension, and is not even placed on each frame, using dot1q lessens the possibility of outsized frames. When the remote port receives an untagged body, the swap knows that these untagged frames are destined for the native VLAN.

Knowing the main points is the distinction between passing and failing your CCNA and CCNP exams. Maintain learning, get some fingers-on practice, and you’re in your approach to Cisco certification success!

BGP is without doubt one of the most complicated matters you’ll examine when pursuing your CCNP, if not essentially the most complex. I do know from personal expertise that when I was incomes my CCNP, BGP is the topic that gave me the most trouble at first. One thing I preserve reminding today’s CCNP candidates about, though, is that no Cisco technology is unimaginable to grasp for those who just break it down and understand the fundamentals before you start making an attempt to know the more advanced configurations.

BGP attributes are one such topic. You have bought well-identified necessary, well-known discretionary, transitive, and non-transitive. Then you definately’ve bought each particular person BGP attribute to recollect, and the order wherein BGP considers attributes, and what attributes even are… and a lot more! As with every other Cisco matter, we have to stroll before we can run. Let’s check out what attributes are and what they do in BGP.

BGP attributes are much like what metrics are to OSPF, RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP. You won’t see them listed in a routing table, but attributes are what BGP considers when selecting the perfect path to a destination when multiple legitimate (loop-free) paths exist.

When BGP has to decide between such paths, there’s an order by which BGP considers the trail attributes. For success on the CCNP exams, you’ll want to know this order. BGP looks at path attributes on this order:

Highest weight (Cisco-proprietary BGP worth)

Highest local preference (LOCAL_PREF)

Favor locally originated route.

Shortest AS_PATH is preferred.

Choose route with lowest origin code. Inner paths are most popular over exterior paths, and external paths are preferred over paths with an origin of “incomplete”.Lowest multi-exit discriminator (MED)

Exterior BGP routes most popular over Inside BGP routes.

If no external route, choose path with lowest IGP value to the following-hop router for iBGP.

Choose most recent route.

Select lowest BGP RID (Router ID).

If you do not know what these values are, or how they’re configured, do not panic! The subsequent several parts of this BGP tutorial will explain it all. So spend some time studying this order, and partly II of this free BGP tutorial, we’ll look at every of these values in detail. Preserve studying

Linux has gained enough popularity for its new and updated features. Usually, this operating system is considered as the most regularly upgraded application and hence, with Linux, many users feel that they are having the advantage of using the most recent technologies. Even some feel that Linux is free from virus attack and other data loss problems. However, it is the fact that the technology has nothing to do with data loss. Linux systems also undergo severe data loss situations, leaving the system drive completely inaccessible. Under such cases, you can take the help of any Linux data recovery software to retrieve your data back.

Data loss in Linux can be in any form, starting from the accidental/intentional deletion, formatting of the media, virus/malware attack, operating system malfunction, file system corruption or any other software/hardware contradiction etc.

Whatever, be the reason behind the failure of the Linux system, it is your valuable data in the media which suffers the most. Some data can be urgently required, some are the result of months of research work and some even can never be recreated. In such situations, loss of them caused severe business loss and mental trauma.

Among all the odds, if you have taken regular backups of your data, you always resides at the safe side and can restore the data from a recently taken valid backup. But, if you have not taken any recent backup, you are under serious trouble for sure.

But, among all these troubles of data loss, the good fact is that data from the troubled Linux drive never gets lost permanently. Therefore, if you can take strict measures to avoid overwriting the data in the drive, and run any efficient Linux file recovery utility, then, all you lost data can be easily recovered back.

These undelete Linux applications can work on any Linux operating system based computer system and can recover your lost, deleted, formatted or inaccessible data effectively. These utilities have been developed with many advanced scanning algorithms to dig into the storage media throughly and are completely read-only in nature. Moreover, with detailed instructions at every step and highly graphical user interfaces, they are pretty easy to use even with much technical knowledge.

There are various techniques available in order to safeguard your valuable data, and disk mirroring is the most popular among them. It is the process of create an exact replica of all the data stored on your hard drive. You can easily convert your basic hard drive volumes to mirrored volumes, which replicates your data to prevent any sort of data loss situations. On Linux operating system-based computer, you can convert your linear logical hard drive volume to the mirror logical volume using ‘lvconvert’ utility. However, you should play safely while converting a Linux volume, as interruption to the process may cause hard drive failure and data loss situations. At this point of time, you need to opt for Linux data recovery solutions to get your precious data back.

The lvconvert is an inbuilt utility of Linux operating system that enables you to change a linear Linux hard drive volume to mirror logical volume. You can also use this utility to remove or add disk logs from the mirror devices. The command line utility supports various options or parameters to perform specific task. Some of the most common parameters of this utility are as given below:

-m, –mirrors Mirrors- This option specifies degree of mirror that you want to create. For instance, ‘-m 1′ converts original Linux volume to mirror logical volume with one linear volume and one copy.

–corelog- This parameter tells the tool to switch mirror from employing a persistent (disk-based) log to in-memory log. It is possible only if –mirror argument is of same degree of mirror that you are modifying.

-R, –regionsize MirrorLogRegionSize- It divides the mirror into various regions of defined size in MB (megabyte).   

-s, –snapshot- It creates the snapshot from an existing Linux volume using another volume with same origin.

-Z, –zero y/n- This option controls zeroing of first KB of information in snapshot. The snapshot is not zeroed if volume is set to read-only.

Before you convert the volume, you must backup all your significant information. If the process fails, you can not access Linux hard drive volume and stored data and need of data recovery Linux arises. Linux recovery is best possible using advanced and powerful third-party applications. Linux data recovery applications ensure safe and easy recovery in all data loss situations, with read-only conduct and rich graphical user interface.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software recovers lost data from lost, deleted, corrupt, or inaccessible hard drive volumes. The software supports recovery from Ext4, Ext3, Ext2, FAT32, FAT16, and FAT12 file system volumes. It works well with all major distributions of Linux operating system, including Red Hat, SUSE, Debian, Fedora, and more.

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Linux is the UNIX like operating system that uses the Linux kernel of Monolithic type. The OS is being installed on a vast range of tablet computers, mobiles, video game consoles, mainframes, super computers etc. Even, statistics says that as, server OS, LINUX accounts more than 50% of the whole global installations. Also,over the years, Linux operating system has gained fair amount of popularity among the common home users with the Fedora, Ubuntu and OpenSUSE distributions. Moreover, with the egression of smart phones, netbooks etc, which are running on embedded LINUX, the operating system has been more closely used by many users. Though Linux has advanced technology and features, sometimes, some errors  lead to data loss or inaccessibility and you need to look for any Linux data recovery software to recover back your valuable data.

In day to day usage of a Linux system, there can be enormous possibility of data loss situations, and you may not always successful in trouble shooting the system to gain access of your data. Hence, if you don’t have a valid backup available or failed to restore the data from the backup, Linux recovery is the answer to bring back your data.

Common data loss situations in Linux:

Error – Mount wrong fs type, bad option, bad super block on /dev/hdb2.
Error – Too many mounted file systems.
File system error.
Grub Error 12 – Invalid device requested.
Grub Error  17 – Can not mount selected partition.

There can be many such errors leading to the loss or inaccessibility of your Linux data. In such cases, if you are a technical person, then you can trouble shoot at the low-level. You can  run the ‘fsck’ command to detect and fix such error. Prior to running the ‘fsck’ command, first, you need to go to the single user mode. Then, you have to unmount the file system partition, you are going to work upon, if it is not the root file system. If you don’t take enough care to unmount the file system, the ‘fsck warns you, such as- ‘The file system is mounted, do you want to continue anyway?’ Saying yes to the message, may result in the loss of your data, because, at times, ‘fsck’ writes directly to the disk.

If you need to check the root file system based partition, you have to boot the system in single user mode and run the ‘fsck’ with a ‘-b’ option so that it will run in a read-only mode. Also, the ‘-b’ option directly go to the ‘init’ and makes an emergency booting while skipping the other start-up scripts.

Sometimes, ‘fsck’ fails to run or exits without running at all. At that time, you need to force run the utility with ‘-f’ option. This is a case of severe corruption and you need to give additional information to ‘fsck’, such as the size of the alternate superblock or the address of the superblock to fetch the data and fix the error.

However, sometimes, these low-level recovery process is tedious as well as risky with respect to your valuable data. Hence, you can go for any Linux data recovery software, which can recover the data for you safely.

In a Linux operating system based computer, directories, blocks, sockets, files, and other items are referred by their corresponding file descriptors. File descriptor is one of the significant data structures of Linux operating system. It is very essential for the file descriptor to be consistent for proper working of your system. In case it is damaged, you can not access your precious data from the disk and face severe data loss situations. In such cases, you need to opt for Linux data recovery solutions.

If you encounter any error from your system related to file descriptor corruption, it can be due to corruption to the Linux file system. File system corruption is a major reason of data loss and cause serious problems for you. For a practical instance of this problem with your Linux system, you may encounter the following error message when you attempt to access data from your Linux hard drive-

“Bad file descriptor”

The above error may also occur while booting your system or mounting a hard drive volume. It renders your precious data inaccessible. At this point, you need to find out the root of this problem and fix it using Linux recovery solutions.

Grounds of the problem-
You may encounter this behavior of Linux operating system due to any of the following reasons-

Linux uses /dev/null file that removes all data, which is written to the file after reporting that write process is completed successfully. You might encounter the file description problems if the file is deleted.
If this error occurs while accessing any file from the hard drive, it can be due to corrupt disk blocks or file system corruption.

Resolution
Try using the below methods to sort out this issue-
To fix overwritten or deleted /dev/null file problems, you are required to replace the file with suitable iNode.Run fsck command on the affected Linux hard drive to resolve file system inconsistency and hard drive integrity issues. Before you run this command, file system must be un-mounted and system must be running in single-user mode.

Restore data from the most recent backup. It is an efficient Ext3 recovery solution to get your precious data back.If none of the above methods work, use third-party Linux recovery software to perform data recovery Linux. The applications are capable of retrieving your significant data in all data loss situations.

In Linux computers, dd (data definition) command-line utility offers several advantages such as converting raw data or low-level copying of data from hard drive to any other storage media. The command is used to copy the file system and is capable of copying specified number of data blocks or bytes. Furthermore, this tool allows you to copy data blocks rearwards, so that in case of any problem in block at some point, data that is stored after and before string would be copied. But incorrect use of parameters in this command may lead to serious data loss situations and need Linux Data Recovery to be sorted out.

This is a useful command-line tool in Linux that helps you to carry out quick and easy recovery in case of any damage to your system and data loss. This command enables you to create image of even entire Linux volume and restore it in case of any damage. On new hard drive, target partition is created having same size and structure as of the failed one. Then this utility is used for copying data from source drive.

Although, the process of this command it quite safe and easy, but a minor mistake during operation might cause disastrous situations. Performing low-level operations on hard drive, if the ‘of’ and ‘if’ parameters are get reversed accidentally. This behavior of Linux operating system renders all of your valuable data inaccessible and cause data loss. At this point, you need to perform Linux Recovery by resolving it to access your valuable data.

You much also consider the block size that has to be copied. The cont=noerror, synchronization option that is used to copy data and files, ignores remainder of block and then replaces it with zero bytes. Thus if block size is large, complete Data Recovery Linux could not be guaranteed.

In such situations, you need to methodically scan the entire hard drive using powerful and advanced scanning algorithms. This is best possible using efficient and highly automated third-party Linux Data Recovery software.

The applications come equipped with simple and self-descriptive user interface and thus let you carry out recovery on your own, without demanding sound and prior technical skills. They are built-with read-only and non-destructive conduct and thus do not alter original data on the drive.

Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is the most effective solution for all your data loss problems. The tool recovers data from all Ext4, Ext3, Ext2, FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 hard drive volumes. It works well with all major distributions of Linux operating systems including Fedora, Red Hat, Debian, SUSE and Ubuntu.

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